Microgrid systems, typically comprising distributed renewable energy generation equipment like photovoltaics and wind turbines, energy storage devices, and smart control systems, can operate connected to the grid or independently.
Against this backdrop, microgrids, as a new type of distributed energy system, have garnered attention due to their flexibility, reliability, and environmental friendliness. According to data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), renewable energy generation is expected to account for over 40 % of total power generation by 2040 .
Diab et al. proposed a simulation model for a PV/wind/diesel hybrid microgrid system with battery bank storage, focusing on optimal sizing to minimize the cost of energy (COE) while increasing system reliability and efficiency, as measured by the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) .
This study proposes an innovative microgrid capacity planning framework aimed at optimizing the configuration of standalone microgrid systems in suburban Beijing. The framework comprehensively considers economic benefits and environmental impacts, introducing dynamic avoided GHG emissions (AGE) and a cost-benefit index (CBI) as evaluation metrics.
The results indicated that mechanical energy storage systems, namely PHS and CAES, are still the most cost-efficient options for bulk energy storage. PHS and CAES approximately add 54 and 71 €/MWh respectively, to the cost of charging power. The project׳s environmental permitting costs and contingency may increase the costs, however.
Base year costs for utility-scale battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are based on a bottom-up cost model using the data and methodology for utility-scale BESS in (Ramasamy et al., 2023). The bottom-up BESS model accounts for major components, including the LIB pack, the inverter, and the balance of system (BOS) needed for the installation.
In terms of TCC (total capital cost), underground CAES (with 890 €/kW) offers the most economical alternative for bulk energy storage, while SMES and SCES are the cheapest options in power quality applications. However, the cost data for these electro-magnetic EES systems are rather limited and for small-scale applications.
PCS costs of the EES system are typically explained per unit of power capacity (€/kW). Energy related costs include all the costs undertaken to build energy storage banks or reservoirs, expressed per unit of stored or delivered energy (€/kWh).
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